Uvular r in Romanian

Keeping up with various broadcasts from Romania, I have started to notice more and more accents and registers of the language. One pronunciation aspect that has truly stood out lately is a uvular /r/, of the variety commonly identified with the French language, [ʀ] or [ʁ], heard instead of the usual Romanian /r/, [r] or [ɾ].

The first time I heard it from a reporter on the Antena 3 news, I immediately associated the pronunciation with one thing: a speech defect, having come across it in other languages. In this case, the change from [r] to [ʁ] is not limited to any one language. It's simply about being physically unable to pronounce an alveolar /r/, and so the person shifts the pronunciation to the back of the palate, with [r] becoming [ʁ] (or any of various uvular sounds); the speaker could be Italian, Spanish, Romanian, or just about a native speaker of any language in which the usual pronunciation for /r/ is alveolar.

The uvular trill gives Romanian a very distinct sound, one I was certainly unaccustomed to. I figured it was just one reporter on Romanian TV, and I didn't make much of it at the time.

Other Romance languages possess some type of a non-alveolar /r/, and their occurrences are well documented. In Spanish, it is heard in Puerto Rico—[x] commonly taking the place of [r] in most cases (the traditional /x/ phoneme is rendered [h]), i.e. carro ['kaxo]. In Portuguese, a non-alveolar pronunciation is the most common realization for /r/: [x], [ʀ], [ʁ], [χ], and [h] are all heard in different regions in the Portuguese-speaking world (though [r] itself is still heard in some places). In Italian, a uvular r can be heard from speakers in certain regions in the North of Italy. (See the Guttural R article on Wikipedia for a discussion).

Going back to Romanian. After that one reporter, I started noticing more and more people in the Romanian media speaking with a uvular r. My thoughts were: "Well, that's a coincidence—encountering another uvular r in such a short time." Then, I heard another news reporter in a different show. Then another in a different Romanian TV network. I felt rather astonished because the occurrence of this pronunciation seemed more normal in Romanian than I would've imagined.

I have not found research showing the existence of a possible regional pronunciation of /r/ as [
ʁ] in the Romance language of the Balkans. I actually did not find much documented on the subject in Romanian. The only confirmation being that it is indeed regarded as a speech impediment—rotacism, regarded in the same fashion as a lisp. The Romanian Wikipedia briefly states, with regards to an alveolar trill, [r], contrasting it with a uvular one:
Acest tip de vibrantă este comun limbilor romanice, cu excepția notabilă a limbii franceze care folosește o altă vibrantă, [ʀ], o consoană vibrantă uvulară sau velară (r graseiat sau gutural).
Deși în mod standard consoana vibrantă din limbile română, italiană, rusă etc. se pronunță alveolar, unii vorbitori se obișnuiesc încă din primii ani ai vieții să o pronunțe uvular (graseiat) și mulți dintre ei continuă acest mod de articulare toată viața. Exemple celebre în acest sens sînt Nicolae Ceaușescu și Vladimir Ilici Lenin.
This type of trill is common in the Romance languages, the notable exception being French which uses another trill, [ʀ], a uvular or velar trill (a graseiat or guttural r).
Even though the standard pronunciation of the trill consonant in Romanian, Italian, Russian, etc., is an alveolar one, some speakers get used to pronouncing it in a uvular fashion (graseiat) at an early age, and many of these people retain this mode of articulation throughout their lives. Some famous examples in this sense are Nicolae Ceausescu and Vladimir Ilici Lenin.

A popular Romanian forum has an archived discussion about a mother who asks for advice concerning her daughter who is unable to pronounce an alveolar r and who instead uses an r graseiat (uvular). On her post, the mother talks about her visits to speech pathologists, asking the forum visitors if something can ultimately be done to correct her daughter's speech problem.
The posters respond by exposing their own inability to pronounce an alveolar r, and how they grew up using the uvular consonant. One particular person says that in her class, there were 5 people with this pronunciation feature (/r/ = [
ʁ]). All the posters who claim to have this problem mention how they were all told by teachers and pathologists that they would have an easy time pronouncing and learning French. A few of them bring up how they can pronounce the English /r/ beautifully, but not the standard one in Romanian.

Could this pronunciation of /r/ simply be more common, and perhaps more accepted, in Romanian than in other Romance languages? Could it be truly perceived by Romanians as just a variation of the "lisp" only involving r?

In Spanish, for example, the only case of this uvular pronunciation of /r/ I have encountered recently in the media is that of a young Mexican girl who is unable to pronounce [r] at all, a sound which she replaces with [ʁ] or, at times, with [l] (at 1:03 in this clip, for example, she is heard pronouncing muerto de hambre as [mweʁto ðeãmbʁe], and consistently having [ʁ] for /r/ throughout the video). Because of this pronunciation defect, the cast in this Mexican show nicknamed her Telesa (her real name being Teresa). Therefore, just like in this little girl's case, having uvular r for all cases of /r/ is perceived socially as a speech defect, and, unlike what I've seen in the Romanian media, it is not common at all for anyone in any public broadcast to speak with that pronunciation (in fact, I've yet to hear anyone else in the public eye besides this Mexican girl).

To wrap things up, here's one more example of this type of r in Romanian—in the September 22 episode of the Romanian magazine show, Sinteza Zilei, there was a panel of six speakers. To my surprise, two of those six spoke with a graseiat, or guttural, r.

The two speakers can be heard at 30:00

So far, I haven't found anything that leads me to believe it is a regional or ethnic feature in Romania. For this reason, I'm curious to hear from Romanians themselves about their perception of this guttural r in their native language.

Aș vrea să știu ce vă gândiți voi, ca români, despre pronunțarea asta a r-ului. Puteți să răspundeți și în română. Mă puțeti ajuta ?



22 comments:

Jen said...

I don't think it's usual or regional. I haven't noticed a lot of people using "r graseiat", especially not on TV (then again, I don't watch a lot of TV). As far as I can tell, it's still considered a defect, something that needs to be corrected if you want to be a TV presenter. Outside of professional activities, it's just a trait of one's speech, but whereas lisping is sometimes made fun of, I haven't seen a lot of people making fun of 'graseiat'. (And yes, everyone does say "you should learn French". I say the r normally and that French accent is hard!)

Filius Lunae said...

Bună ziua, Jen.

Thanks for you comment. I appreciate the information.

May I ask what region you're from?

Anonymous said...

Rică nu ştia să zică
Râu, răţuşcă, rămurică,
Dar de când băiatu-nvaţă
Poezia despre raţă
Rică a-nvăţat să zică
Râu, răţuşcă, rămurică.

Şi io-s rârâită.
:)

Anonymous said...

Prietenul meu graseiaza si in romaneste (limba materna) si in orice alta limba vorbeste. Sora mea graseia cand era foarte mica.

Nu e un defect de vorbire. E mai mult felul in care vorbitorul a perceput instinctiv cum trebuie sa pronunte sunetul r din copilarie. In schimb, din cauza poeziei de mai sus (rau, ratusca, ramurica) copii care graseiaza dezvolta complexe, pentru ca parintii ii pun sa recite poezia in public si asistenta se amuza. E un fel de bullying.

Sora mea nu mai graseiaza de prin clasa a doua. Era extrem de trista ca lumea radea de ea pe tema asta si asa ca am invatat-o cum sa nu mai graseieze. Anume mi-am dat seama cum il pronunt eu pe r (fac limba sa vibreze alveolar, anume in spatele dintilor) si cum il pronunta ea - evident, cumva din gat. Asa ca i-am bagat degetul in gura si i-am aratat cum trebuie sa faca limba sa vibreze acolo. Mentionez, aveam si eu vreo zece ani, nu mai multi. Sora-mea a exersat pana a reusit sa pronunte corect si nu mai graseiaza. Mama noastra s-a suparat pe mine ca am invatat-o sa nu mai graseieze - ei ii placea foarte mult. Dealtfel, copiii care graseiaza sunt perceputi de public ca fiind extrem de dragalasi.

M. said...

Ba foarte des e defect de vorbire, cu cauze fizice - frenul lingual scurt, neoperat la timp.

Juliana said...

Oi
segunda vez que comento aqui.
fiquei intrigada com esse r uvular.
ano passado em uma viagem à Córdoba, na Argentina, notei que palavras como 'perro', 'cerrado', 'rápido', 'ratito' eram produzidas com um som que eu não compreendia com r... e como não sou muito familiarizada com as representações fonológicas, lembrei de uma propaganda que mostra essa produção do r como eu vi em córdoba.

repare em 0:35 quando ele fala 'es rica, liviana'... esse r de rica é uvular?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIhf7Jjyork

gosto muito de ler seu blog!
um abraço.

Belenos said...

The normal Romanian "r" is very unusual to me (a native English speaker),I often perceive it as an "l", and repeat the word concerned with an English "l". Typically the person I'm speaking laughs, then pronounces it slowly with a vowel I perceive as an "r", I repeat it to their satisfaction, and we move on. The next time they say the word, they invariably use the "l" sound again...

Filius Lunae said...

@diacritica: Mi-a plăcut ce-ai postat! Haha. Pentru a practica puțin r-ul românesc. :) Și într-adevăr ești și tu rârâită? Sau așa termină poemul ăla?

Filius Lunae said...

@Anonymous: Bravo. Foarte interesantă experiența ta. Mersi.

Filius Lunae said...

@Belenos: Hello, there. Where are you from? The Romanian /r/ is the same heard in Italian or Spanish. It could be that, in normal speech, Romanians tend to use this sound: [ɾ] (again, you can hear the sound on the Wikipedia page). Then, when you ask them to repeat, and whenever they pay attention to their speech, they use this sound: [r] (listen to it here).

Both pronunciations exist in Romanian and in Italian, and either one can be used for /r/ in both of these languages. In Spanish, however, those two sounds are separate phonemes, i.e. they are not interchangeable.

Filius Lunae said...

@Juliana: Obrigado! Vou-te escrever um pouco em inglês para todos poderem ler esta resposta.

The r you reference on that video is not actually uvular. It's actually a voiced retroflex sibilant, transcribed [ʐ]. You can hear it reproduced right on the Wikipedia page (on the info box to the right).

It is a known pronunciation for /r/ (the double "r", as in "perro") in regions the of Bolivia and surrounding areas.

The uvular r being discussed in the Romanian case here would be more the way rr is pronounced commonly in Portugal (try to say guerra with a Lisbon accent).

Anonymous said...

Com ja s'ha dit, la dificultat d'alguns parlants per pronunciar la /r/ (sigui d'origen físic o no) sembla que apareix en totes les llengües que tenen aquest so. En català sí que es considera una incorrecció, i els logopedes ensenyen a corregir-la, però no s'estigmatitza qui té el problema. Com a exemples, l'alcalde actual de Barcelona pronuncia una r "a l'anglesa" i l'anterior vicepresident de Catalunya pronuncia una mena de "flapped d" (no sé els símbols IPA). Links: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4swzm7Sxp6w, http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8191473154976227024 . It is amusing que els precedents siguin Ceaucescu i Lenin...

Filius Lunae said...

@joaquim: Yes, I heard the "English r" in the first video. Haha. Thanks for those. Nice to hear different perspectives from various Romance languages.

Jen said...

I haven't checked here in a while, oops. I'm from Bucharest.

Belenos said...

Hi Fil, I'm from northern England. I'm actually a native-level Spanish speaker and more or less fluent in Italian, so I'm pretty sure that's not the sound I'm hearing. It may be that the vowel's preceding or following 'r' are what is affecting my perception. The classic example is "sare" which I have heard as "sale" on many occasions though thinking back always from younger speakers, could be a change in progress?

Filius Lunae said...

Hello, Belenos. I see now what you're saying. I pointed out the difference between [r] and [ɾ] because, as you know, some groups do have trouble telling [l] and [ɾ] apart (mainly speakers of Eastern/Southern Asian languages). Knowing your linguistic background, we can eliminate that possibility.

I am not aware of any phonological change that influences a change from [r] to [l] in Romanian where [r] is expected in the standard language. I can say for sure this is definitely not a feature in formal, educated speech.

There can always be the case of a regional pronunciation of what you're describing, though I am at present time unfamiliar with it, if it exists. After all, a portion of the words with r in modern Romanian originally had l in their Latin form: sare coming from SALE*.

The DEX doesn't list a regional variant with l for sare, so the issue begs further investigation.

I would ask a Romanian native to confirm or refute any existance of a [l] variant for [r]; that would be a start. If it does exist, I would imagine it'd be considered a rather rural, țăranesc pronunciation.

Can you give other examples of words in which you hear [l] for [r], and also words in which you hear [r] correctly where expected?

Jen said...

I've never heard "sale" instead of "sare". Then again, I don't have a lot of experience with local pronunciations...

Anonymous said...

Da, îs rârâită. Și nu, poezia aia nu se termină așa, se termină cu „râu, rățușcă, rămurică”. :)

Despre r pronunțat /l/ în română - n-am auzit niciodată (sunt româncă, ok, da' am totuși ureche sensibilă la chestii de-astea, inclusiv în limba maternă). Dacă auzi „sale” în loc de „sare” s-ar putea să fie mai ales din cauză că prevalează limbile învățate anterior, spaniola și italiana. Urechea ta e „obișnuită” să audă l acolo.

Oricum, presupun că toți știți despre rotacism și cum l intervocalic din latină a devenit r (sare, soare, cer etc).

Video said...

Thank you for great post.

Anonymous said...

Hi Belenos and Filius Lunae. I am originally from Bucharest, and I did hear /l/ instead of /r/ with young children. A speech therapist once showed me a chart of consonant acquisition for kids, and /r/ was one of the last ones in the lineup. Apparently, it was a reassurance thing, for parents concerned that their 4yo still pronounced /lamulica/. This consonant was, apparently, not a concern for speech-therapy intervention until 5yo or above.
Cheers,
Ada

metafrast said...

I am a native speaker of Romanian, from the south of the country, with a very solid philological background, and I must say that "l" instead of "r" in Romanian would sound very strange to me, except, as Ada said, when used by little children (by the way, the confusion between "r" and "l" is the same for, eg, little Russian-speaking children). Well, Romanian "r" is usually pretty weakly articulated, as a flap, so maybe this is one of the causes of Belenos's confusion... Anyway, for any mature native speaker who doesn't suffer from a language impairment, "r" and "l" are completely different sounds. I NEVER heard myself "sare" pronounced as "sale" by any mature native speaker, believe me... Linguistically, it's a very interesting question, really: why does Belenos have this problem with Romanian "r"?...

And thank you for this wonderful blog )

Adrian

Anonymous said...

E un defect de vorbirre. Eu am suferrit mult when I was young, and everybody was mocking me. But I ended up having a radio shows on several radio stations when i grew. :) Acum trraiesc intrr-o tarra unde nimeni nu baga de seama ca "rica nu stia sa zica". Danezii toti 's raraiti

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